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university

2008-07-08T22:32:00.000-07:00

The original Latin word "universitas", first used in time of renewed interest in Classical Greek and Roman tradition, tried to reflect this feature of the Academy of Plato (established 385 BC). The term "academia" is sometimes extended to a number of educational institutions of non-Western antiquity, including China, India and Persia:

* Academies such as Shang Hsiang, and later Taixue and Guozijian, succeeded by the medieval Academies of Classical Learning
* Taxila[2] in Gandhara and the Buddhist Nalanda University[3] in Bihar, India (5th century BC)
* The Sassanid Academy of Gundishapur was founded in the 5th century.

The University of Constantinople, founded as an institution of higher learning in 425 and reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent Bardas of emperor Michael III, is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution.[4]

If the definition of a university is assumed to mean an institution of higher education and research which issues academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master and doctorate) like in the modern sense of the word, then the medieval Madrasahs known as Jami'ah ("university" in Arabic) founded in the 9th century would be the first examples of such an institution.[5][6] The University of Al Karaouine in Fez, Morocco is thus recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by the princess Fatima al-Fihri.[7] Also in the 9th century, Bimaristan medical schools were founded in the medieval Islamic world, where medical degrees and diplomas were issued to students of Islamic medicine who were qualified to be a practicing Doctor of Medicine.[6][8] Al-Azhar University, founded in Cairo, Egypt in 975, was a Jami'ah university which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (Ijazah),[6] and had individual faculties[9] for a theological seminary, Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, early Islamic philosophy, and logic in Islamic philosophy.[6]

Adsense is money

2008-07-02T20:00:00.000-07:00

What is AdSense?
AdSense is Google's program for placing its AdWords ads on non-Google websites such as this one.

AdSense lets website owners like you and me make money easily and fast without even selling anything. In fact you can often start earning in under 24 hours and when you get paid, it is Google that sends you a check!

You don't have to run a large site or have much traffic to make money and AdSense works for small enthusiast or hobby sites as well as larger operations.
AdSense is easy - but here's how to make real money

Some websites make a lot of money from AdSense (thousands of dollars a month!) whilst others make very little and there are many complex reasons why earnings differ.

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* where the money comes from
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I also discuss some unique and risky experiments I've done in my AdSense lab as I unpicked the AdSense system. (I was lucky not to get banned for doing some of these! Don't try them yourself. You can also read what Google had to say to me about them.)

Comics or komikos

2008-06-30T23:34:00.000-07:00

Comics (via Latin, from the Greek "Κωμικ-ός", kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy", from kōmos "revel".) is a graphic medium in which images are utilised in order to convey a sequential narrative. It is the sequential nature of the pictures, and the predominance of pictures over words, that distinguish comics from picture books, though there is some overlap between the two genres. Most comics combine words with images, often indicating speech in the form of word balloons, but wordless comics, such as The Little King, are not uncommon. Words other than dialog, captions for example, usually expand upon the pictures, but sometimes act in counterpoint.

Although historically the form dealt with humorous subject matter, its scope has expanded to encompass the full range of literary genres.

Education of Future

2008-06-30T23:30:00.000-07:00

Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency. It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills, trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development.

Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers. This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula. In a liberal eduction tradition, teachers draw on many different disciplines for their lessons, including psychology, philosophy, information technology, linguistics, biology, and sociology. Teachers in specialized professions such as astrophysics, law or zoology may teach only in a narrow area, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is much specialist instruction in fields of trade for those want specific skills, such as required to be a pilot, for example. Finally, there is an array of educational opportunity in the informal sphere- for this reason, society subsidizes institutions such as museums and libraries. Informal education also includes knowledge and skills learned and refined during the course of life, including education that comes from experience in practicing a profession.

Cancer

2008-06-25T00:23:00.000-07:00

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display the traits of uncontrolled growth (growth and division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not.

Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age.[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.[2] According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007.[3] Cancers can affect other animals besides humans, and plants, too.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. Complex interactions between carcinogens and the host genome may explain why only some develop cancer after exposure to a known carcinogen. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly being recognized as important.

Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are often activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are often inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.

Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, the primary tumor, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.

Insurance Life

2008-06-25T00:16:00.000-07:00

Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the insured individual's or individuals' death or other event, such as terminal illness or critical illness. In return, the policy owner (or policy payer) agrees to pay a stipulated amount called a premium at regular intervals or in lump sums. There may be designs in some countries where bills and death expenses plus catering for after funeral expenses should be included in Policy Premium. In the United States, the predominant form simply specifies a lump sum to be paid on the insured's demise.

As with most insurance policies, life insurance is a contract between the insurer and the policy owner (policyholder) whereby a benefit is paid to the designated Beneficiary (or Beneficiaries) if an insured event occurs which is covered by the policy. To be a life policy the insured event must be based upon life (or lives) of the people named in the policy.

Insured events that may be covered include:

* Serious illness

Life policies are legal contracts and the terms of the contract describe the limitations of the insured events. Specific exclusions are often written into the contract to limit the liability of the insurer; for example claims relating to suicide, fraud, war, riot and civil commotion.

Life based contracts tend to fall into two major categories:

* Protection policies - designed to provide a benefit in the event of specified event, typically a lump sum payment. A common form of this design is term insurance.
* Investment policies - where the main objective is to facilitate the growth of capital by regular or single premiums. Common forms (in the US anyway) are whole life, universal life and variable life policies.

Banking law

2008-05-06T01:51:00.000-07:00

Banking law is based on a contractual analysis of the relationship between the bank and the customer. The definition of bank is given above, and the definition of customer is any person for whom the bank agrees to conduct an account.

The law implies rights and obligations into this relationship as follows:

1. The bank account balance is the financial position between the bank and the customer, when the account is in credit, the bank owes the balance to the customer, when the account is overdrawn, the customer owes the balance to the bank.
2. The bank engages to pay the customer's cheques up to the amount standing to the credit of the customer's account, plus any agreed overdraft limit.
3. The bank may not pay from the customer's account without a mandate from the customer, e.g. a cheque drawn by the customer.
4. The bank engages to promptly collect the cheques deposited to the customer's account as the customer's agent, and to credit the proceeds to the customer's account.
5. The bank has a right to combine the customer's accounts, since each account is just an aspect of the same credit relationship.
6. The bank has a lien on cheques deposited to the customer's account, to the extent that the customer is indebted to the bank.
7. The bank must not disclose the details of the transactions going through the customer's account unless the customer consents, there is a public duty to disclose, the bank's interests require it, or under compulsion of law.
8. The bank must not close a customer's account without reasonable notice to the customer, because cheques are outstanding in the ordinary course of business for several days.

These implied contractual terms may be modified by express agreement between the customer and the bank. The statutes and regulations in force in the jurisdiction may also modify the above terms and/or create new rights, obligations or limitations relevant to the bank-customer relationship.

Bank

2008-05-06T01:40:00.000-07:00

A banker or bank is a financial institution that acts as a payment agent for customers, and borrows and lends money. In some countries such as Germany and Japan banks are the primary owners of industrial corporations while in other countries such as the United States banks are prohibited from owning non-financial companies.

The first modern bank was founded in Italy in Genoa in 1406, its name was Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George).

Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, and ATM.

Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making instalment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of lending.

Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account.

Banks borrow most funds borrowed from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds lent to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash management trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks for lending savings to.

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2008-05-01T01:00:00.000-07:00

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Naturrett

2008-04-30T05:31:00.000-07:00

Naturrett (Latin: lex naturalis) er en teori om at det finnes et sett av rettslige prinsipper som er av en slik grunnleggende karakter at de gjelder på et hvert sted og til en hver tid, til forskjell fra positivert rett. Naturretten trenger ingen begrunnelse, fordi dens regelsett er noe som en hver person med en tilstrekkelig utviklet sans for fornuft ville være enig i. Naturrettstanken skriver seg tilbake til antikkens Hellas, og da særlig Aristoteles, som ofte kalles naturrettens far. Naturrettens innflytelse har variert opp gjennom historien. Den moderne tids menneskerettigheter kan sies å være uttrykk for et tankesett som har mye til felles med det naturrettslige.

Naturrett kan også føres tilbake til opplysningstiden da opplysningsfilosofene fikk menneskene til å forstå at alle mennesker er født med visse grunnleggende og umistelige rettigheter.

Rettsvitenskap

2008-04-30T05:21:00.000-07:00

Så lenge mennesket har levd sammen i siviliserte samfunn har det vært nødvendig med rettsregler. Uten regler vil samfunnet ikke kunne fungere – det ville bli anarki og alles kamp mot alle. I tillegg til regler som sier hvordan borgerne skal oppføre seg, såkalt pliktregler, er det dessuten nødvendig med et maktapparat som sørger for at de blir etterlevet, og sanksjonerer overtredelser. Slike sanksjoner kan være straff, men også sivile midler slik som erstatningsansvar og lignende.

Mange regler kan anses universale, ved at de gjelder i alle eller de aller fleste rettssamfunn. Dette omfatter blant annet slikt som at avtaler skal holdes, og at drap og tyveri er straffbart. Ser man lenger utover vil man imidlertid se at reglene vil være nokså forskjellige fra sted til sted; det finnes således ikke noen universal rett. Dette kommer som følge av at reglene i første rekke blir til som resultat av en lovgivningsprosess, samt praksis og lingende som vil være forskjellig fra sted til sted. Denne deskriptive synsvinkelen atskiller seg i vesentlig grad fra naturrettstenkningen, som var i skuddet på 1700-tallet. Tenkerne som forfektet denne teorien mente at rettsreglene var naturgitte, og kom som resultat av menneskelig fornuft. Dette kan nok være en vakker tanke, men i dag er vel de fleste kommet til at virkeligheten ikke kan oppfattes på denne måten.

Law

2008-04-30T05:14:00.000-07:00

Law is a system of rules to be enforced through a set of institutions. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading swaptions on a derivatives market. Property law defines rights and obligations related to transfer and title of personal and real property, for instance, in mortgaging or renting a home. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security, such as pension funds. Tort law allows claims for compensation when someone or their property is injured or harmed. If the harm is criminalised in a penal code, criminal law offers means by which the state prosecutes and punishes the perpetrator. Constitutional law provides a framework for creating laws, protecting people's human rights, and electing political representatives. Administrative law relates to the activities of administrative agencies of government. International law regulates affairs between sovereign nation-states in everything from trade to the environment to military action. "The rule of law", wrote the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle in 350 BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."

Legal systems around the world elaborate legal rights and responsibilities in different ways. A basic distinction is made between civil law jurisdictions and systems using common law. Some countries persist in basing their law on religious texts. Scholars investigate the nature of law through many perspectives, including legal history and philosophy, or social sciences such as economics and sociology. The study of law raises important questions about equality, fairness and justice, which are not always simple. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."[4] The most important institutions for law are the judiciary, the legislature, the executive, its bureaucracy, the military and police, the legal profession and civil society. Though all legal systems must deal with similar issues, different countries often categorise and name legal subjects in different ways. Quite common is the distinction between "public law" subjects, which relate closely to the state (including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and "private law" subjects (including contract, tort and property).[5] In civil law systems, contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations and trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and trusts are regarded as the "traditional core subjects",[6] although there are many further disciplines which might be of greater practical importance.

[edit] International law

Main articles: Public international law, Conflict of laws, and European Union law

Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations was conceived during World War II.
Providing a constitution for public international law, the United Nations was conceived during World War II.

In a global economy, law is globalising too. International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.

* Public international law concerns relationships among sovereign nations. It has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts lack the capacity to penalise disobedience.[7] The sources for public international law to develop are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations. The United Nations, founded under the UN Charter, is one of the most important international organisations. It was established after the Treaty of Versailles' failed to prevent the Second World War. International agreements, like the Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war, and international bodies such as the International Court of Justice, International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, or the International Monetary Fund, also form a growing part of public international law.

* Conflict of laws (or "private international law" in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses. This increases the number of disputes outside a unified legal framework. Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the New York Convention 1958.

* European Union law is the first and thus far only example of a supranational legal framework. However, given increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the Union of South American Nations—are on track to follow the same model. In the EU, sovereign nations have pooled their authority through a system of courts and political institutions. They have the ability to enforce legal norms against and for member states and citizens, in a way that public international law does not.[8] As the European Court of Justice said in 1962, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states.[9]

[edit] Constitutional and administrative law

Main articles: Constitutional law and Administrative law

The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, whose principles still have constitutional value

Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or civil liberties of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a single codified constitution, with a Bill of Rights. A few, like the United Kingdom, have no such document; in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute, case law and convention. A case named Entick v. Carrington[10] illustrates a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. Mr Entick's house was searched and ransacked by Sheriff Carrington. When Mr Entick complained in court, Sheriff Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax, was valid authority. However, there was no written statutory provision or court authority. The leading judge, Lord Camden, stated that,

"The great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property. That right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole… If no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment."

The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by John Locke,[11] is that the individual can do anything but that which is forbidden by law, and the state may do nothing but that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People can apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils, public services or government ministries, to ensure that they comply with the law. The first specialist administrative court was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799, as Napoleon assumed power in France.[12]

[edit] Criminal law

Main article: Criminal law

A depiction of a 1600s criminal trial, for witchcraft in Salem
A depiction of a 1600s criminal trial, for witchcraft in Salem

Criminal law is the body of law that defines criminal offences and the penalties for convicted offenders.[13] Apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of criminal procedure.[14] The paradigm case of a crime lies in the proof, beyond reasonable doubt, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or actus reus (guilty act).[15] Second, the accused must have the requisite malicious intent to do a criminal act, or mens rea (guilty mind). However for so called "strict liability" crimes, which include cases like dangerous driving, proof of mens rea is not necessary. An actus reus is enough.[16]

Examples of different kinds of crime include murder, assault, fraud or theft. In exceptional circumstances, defences can exist to some crimes, such as killing in self defence, or pleading insanity. Another example is in the 19th century English case of R v. Dudley and Stephens,[17] which tested a defence of "necessity". The Mignotte, sailing from Southampton to Sydney, sank. Three crew members and a cabin boy were stranded on a raft. They were starving and the cabin boy was close to death. Driven to extreme hunger, the crew killed and ate the cabin boy. The crew survived and were rescued, but put on trial for murder. They argued it was necessary to kill the cabin boy to preserve their own lives. Lord Coleridge, expressing immense disapproval, ruled, "to preserve one's life is generally speaking a duty, but it may be the plainest and the highest duty to sacrifice it." The men were sentenced to hang, but public opinion, especially among seafarers, was outraged and overwhelmingly supportive of the crew's right to preserve their own lives. In the end, the Crown commuted their sentences to six months in jail.

Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well.[13] The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as "The People v. …" or "R. (for Rex or Regina) v. …" Also, lay juries are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be imprisonment, fines, state supervision (such as probation), or community service. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to sentencing, legal research, legislation, and rehabilitation.[13] On the international field, 105 countries have signed the enabling treaty for the International Criminal Court, which was established to try people for crimes against humanity.[18]

امیتابھ اور تنازعہ، پاکستان میں جنت

2008-04-28T20:49:00.000-07:00

امیتابھ اور تنازعہ

کیا بات ہے کہ تنازعات کبھی بھی امیتابھ بچن کا پیچھا ہی نہیں چھوڑتے۔کبھی ان کی بہو ایشوریہ رائے کی پیڑ سے شادی تو کبھی ان کے کاشتکار ہونے کا معاملہ۔ حد تو تب ہوئی جب کچھ دنوں قبل شتروگھن سنہا نے آئیفا ایوارڈ میں فلموں کی نامزدگی پر امیتابھ بچن پر تنقید کی۔ اس کے بعد اچانک ہدایت کار انوراگ باسو نے امیت جی کو فلموں سے ریٹائر ہونے کا مشورہ دے ڈالا۔

اب ان سب کا منہ توڑ جواب دینے کے لیے امیت جی نے ایک نیا راستہ ڈھونڈ نکالا ہے۔ اپنا بلاگ۔ اب امیت جی اپنے بلاگ میں ان کے بارے میں الٹا سیدھا کہنے والوں کو کرارا جواب دے رہے ہیں۔ویسے امیت جی کا یہ آئیڈیا بہت اچھا ہے۔

سلمان کے دس قدم

سلمان بھی ٹی وی کی دنیا میں ہنگامہ کرنے کی پوری تیاری کر رہے ہیں۔اپنے ٹی وی شو کی ریہرسل کے لیے انہیں سیٹ بنا کر دیا گیا۔ لیکن وہ سیٹ گوریگاؤں فلم سٹی میں تھا۔ جو سلو بھیا کے گھر سے بہت دور ہے۔اب سویرے اٹھ کر اتنی دور پہنچنا بہت مشکل تھا۔

سلمان نے اس سیٹ کو اپنے گھر کے پاس واقع محبوب سٹوڈیو میں بنانے کے لیے کہا۔ سلمان کچھ کہیں اور لوگ نہ مانیں یہ کیسے ہو سکتا ہے۔ بس سیٹ بن گیا اور سلمان روزانہ دس قدم چل کر ’ دس کا قدم‘ کھیلنے جاتے ہیں۔

ٹشن کی ٹشن


	ٹشن میں کرینہ، سیف علی خان اور اکشے کمار نے اداکاری کی ہے

سیف کرینہ اور اکشے کی فلم ’ ٹشن‘ جس کا بہت بے صبری کے ساتھ انتظار کیا جارہا تھا، باکس آفس پر اپنا جادو نہیں بکھیر سکی۔

اب آپ اسے یش راج فلمز کی بدقسمتی سمجھئے یا پھر سیف اور کرینہ کی۔ان دونوں کی جوڑی کا جلوہ چل ہی نہیں سکا۔ہمیں لگتا ہے کرینہ، لوگ آپ کو پردے پر اپنے قریبی دوست کے ساتھ رومانس کرتے دیکھنا پسند ہی نہیں کرتے۔

آپ کہیں ایسا ہم کس طرح کہہ سکتے ہیں۔ٹہریے بھئی بتاتے ہیں۔دیکھئے جب شاہد اور کرینہ ساتھ ساتھ تھے۔ان کی کوئی فلم کامیاب ہی نہیں ہوئی۔ لیکن جب ان دونوں کے تعلقات میں درار آئی تو اس وقت فلم ’ جب وی میٹ‘ بن رہی تھی۔یہ فلم سپر ہٹ ہوئی۔

دونوں کے کام کی بھی بہت تعریف ہوئی۔تو پھر۔۔۔۔نہیں ہم کچھ غلط نہیں سوچ رہے بلکہ یہ مشورہ دینا چاہتے ہیں کہ کرینہ اب سیف کے ساتھ پردے پر نہ ہی نظر آئیں تو کیا پتہ شاید ان کی فلم ہٹ ہو جائے۔

پاکستان میں جنت

مہیش اور مکیش بھٹ کی فلم’جنت‘ ایک ساتھ انڈیا اور پاکستان میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہو رہی ہے لیکن بڑی بات یہ ہے کہ فلم کے ہیرو اور اس کے ستارے فلم کی پریمیئر پارٹی میں شرکت کرنے پاکستان جا رہے ہیں۔

فلم کی نمائش دو مئی کو متوقع ہے۔عمران کی اس سے پہلے فلمیں آوارہ پن، گینگسٹر اور دی کلر پاکستان میں نمائش کے لیے پیش ہو چکی ہے۔

دُبلی کَنگنا


	کنگنا روات اپنے بولڈ اداکاری کے لیے جانی جاتی ہیں

گینگسٹر کی ہیروئین کنگنا کو تو آپ نے دیکھا ہی ہے لیکن شاید اب نہیں دیکھ پائیں گے۔ارے کیسے دیکھ سکتے ہیں بھئی۔ایک تو وہ پہلے ہی بہت دبلی پتلی سی ہیں اوپر سے انہوں نے مدھر بھنڈارکر کی فلم فیشن میں ریمپ پر چلنے کے لیے اپنا وزن گھٹا لیا۔

اتنی دبلی پتلی نازک سی حسینہ کو ہدایت کار موہت سوری نے اپنی فلم ’راز‘ کے سیکوئیل میں مزید تین کلو وزن گھٹانے کا حکم دے دیا۔ ہمیں یقین ہے کہ مزید وزن کم کرنے کے چکر میں کنگنا کہیں ہوا میں ہی نہ گم ہو جائے۔

سنجے راکس

کیا آپ جانتے ہیں کہ سنجے دت ایک راک سٹار ہیں۔ یا یہ کہ وہ ایئر گٹار ڈرم ایک مشاق کی طرح بجاتے ہیں؟ نہیں نا۔ لیکن اب آپ انہیں ان کی آنے والی فلم ’وڈسٹاک ولا‘ میں اس روپ میں دیکھیں گے۔

ایک بات بتائیں دراصل انہیں راک سٹار بننے کا شوق تو بہت پہلے سے تھا لیکن گٹار بجانے کی یہ مشق انہوں نے اپنے ذہنی الجھنوں اور ٹینشن کو دور کرنے کے لیے اس وقت کی جب ان پر عدالت میں مقدمہ چل رہا تھا۔

رانی کی ناراضگی


	رانی مکھرجی کی آنے والی فلم ’ تھوڑا پیار تھوڑا میجک‘ ہے

رانی مکھرجی میڈیا سے ناراض رہتی ہیں۔ہمیں یقین ہے کہ آپ اس کی وجہ جانتے ہیں۔ نہیں۔۔۔چلئے بتا ہی دیتے ہیں کہ رانی ہمیشہ ان کے اور آدتیہ چوپڑہ کے رشتے کے بارے میں پوچھے جانے والے سوالات سے پریشان ہو کر میڈیا پر برس جاتی ہیں۔

اسی لیے تو ان کی آنے والی فلم ’ تھوڑا پیار تھوڑا میجک‘ کی تشہیری پارٹی میں وہ غائب تھیں۔انہیں ڈر لگا ہوگا کہ کوئی نہ کوئی یہ سوال پوچھ ہی لے گا کیونکہ یہ فلم بھی تو آدتیہ چوپڑہ کی ہی ہے۔

عائشہ بزنس وویمن

عائشہ تاکیہ بھی پریتی زنٹا کے نقش قدم پر چل رہی ہیں۔پریتی نے اپنے دوست کے ساتھ مل کر آئی پی ایل ٹیم خرید کر ان کے ساتھ ان کے بزنس میں شریک ہوئیں تو اب عائشہ کوئلہ ہوٹل کے مالک اور اپنے دوست فرحان اعظمی کے ساتھ مل کر پوری دنیا میں بارہ سے زیادہ ’ بوتیک ہوٹل‘ شروع کرنے کی تیاری میں ہیں۔

ان کا پہلا ہوٹل گوا میں شروع ہو رہا ہے۔آپ کو نہیں لگتا آج کل کی ہیروئین کچھ زیادہ سمجھدار ہو گئی ہیں۔

قطرینہ کا مذاق


	قطرینہ سلمان خان کی اچھی دوست مانی جاتی ہیں

قطرینہ کیف صبح سات بجے سے چلچلاتی دھوپ میں آئی پی ایل ٹیم کے لیے ویڈیو البم میں کام کر رہی تھیں یکایک یونٹ میں سے کسی نے مائیک پر کہا کہ قطرینہ غش کھا کر گر پڑیں۔سب فکر مند ہو کر قطرینہ کو ڈھونڈنے لگے۔آدھے گھنٹے بعد پتہ چلا کہ مائیک پر خود قطرینہ نے آواز بدل کر اپنے بیہوش ہونے کا مذاق کیا تھا۔

قطرینہ اور مذاق۔۔۔لوگ حیرت زدہ تھے۔ہمیں حیرت نہیں ہوئی کیونکہ ہم سلمان خان کے لطیفوں سے اچھی طرح واقف ہیں اور یہ یقینا انہی کی صحبت کا اثر ہے۔

سونو کی دیوانی

گلوکار سونو نگم کے پرستاروں کی دنیا میں کمی نہیں ہے لیکن ممبئی میں ایک شو کے دوران سونو کی دیوانی ایک لڑکی نے جو کر دیا اسے دیکھ کر پوری دنیا حیران رہ گئی۔

سونو سٹیج پر گا رہے تھے اچانک وہ لڑکی سٹیج پر چڑھ گئی اور سونو کو پکڑ کر بوسہ دینے کی کوشش کرنے لگی۔سونو اس اچانک حملے سے پریشان ہو گئے وہ اسے دھکیلنے لگے لیکن لڑکی نے اپنے ناخنوں سے سونو کو زخمی کر دیا اور سٹیج سے اترنے سے انکار کر دیا۔حفاظتی دستوں نے اسے کھینچ کر نیچے اتارا۔

ईरान के राष्ट्रपति भारत दौरे पर

2008-04-28T20:43:00.000-07:00

ईरान के राष्ट्रपति महमूद अहमदीनेजाद भारत के अपने दौरे पर मंगलवार को दिल्ली पहुँच रहे हैं.

राष्ट्रपति अहमदीनेजाद की ये यात्रा सिर्फ़ चार घंटे की होगी.

अहमदीनेजाद की इस यात्रा के दौरान संभावना है कि ईरान-पाकिस्तान-भारत गैस पाइप लाइन पर चर्चा होगी. ये परियोजना काफ़ी समय से लटकी पड़ी है.

अमरीका इस तेल पाइपलाइन का विरोध करता आया है.

उसका मानना है कि ईरान परमाणु हथियार बनाने की कोशिश में जुटा है और भारत-पाकिस्तान के साथ तेल परियोजना से ईरान को अलग-थलग करने का अभियान कमज़ोर पड़ जाएगा.

हालांकि हाल में भारत ने स्पष्ट किया है कि ईरान परमाणु हथियार बना रहा है या नहीं इसका फ़ैसला अमरीका को नहीं करना चाहिए और इसे अंतरराष्ट्रीय परमाणु ऊर्जा एजेंसी (आईएईए) पर छोड़ देना चाहिए.

अहम दौरा

अपनी भारत यात्रा के दौरान राष्ट्रपति अहमदीनेजाद राष्ट्रपति प्रतिभा पाटिल और प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह से मुलाक़ात करेंगे.

पिछले दो वर्षों में ये दूसरा मौक़ा होगा जब प्रधानमंत्री मनमोहन सिंह और राष्ट्रपति अहमदीनेजाद की मुलाक़ात होगी. इस दौरान दोनों देश द्विपक्षीय संबंधों की समीक्षा करेंगे.

ईरानी राष्ट्रपति के साथ एक उच्च स्तरीय प्रतिनिधिमंडल भी आया है जिसमें ईरान के विदेश मंत्री और वाणिज्य मंत्री मीर क़ाज़िमा शामिल हैं.

इसके पहले अहमदीनेजाद पाकिस्तान से श्रीलंका पहुँचे.

श्रीलंका का कहना है कि ईरान के राष्ट्रपति के दौरे से दोनों देशों के संबंध और मज़बूत होंगे.

ईरान ने श्रीलंका को 1.9 अरब डॉलर का ऋण और विकास परियोजनाओं के लिए मदद देने का वादा किया है.

बीबीसी संवाददाता का कहना है श्रीलंका अब पश्चिमी देशों के बजाए ऐसे एशियाई देशों का रुख़ करने लगा है जो मदद के लिए उसे धन उपलब्ध करा सकें.

How Your Web Stats Can Help you Build Your Web Hosting Business Fast

2008-04-28T20:04:00.000-07:00

There is a gold mine within your website which many webmasters do not even know exists. And yet by unlocking its’ power, your web hosting site and business will no doubt be revolutionized beyond your wildest dreams. We are of course referring to your web stats here.

Many web sites do not even have any tool in place to track their traffic. And yet there should be no excuse for this because there are many excellent free tools available online that will give you plenty of information on your visitors, including where they are coming from, what keywords they are using in search engines to find you and how long they are spending on which page on your site amongst a host of other very useful information you should have.

It is fascinating how search engines talk to you about your web hosting site and even your own prospects and yet you ignore them and have no interest in what they have to say. This is exactly what any webmaster who has no time for his web stats is usually saying with his actions.

Here are a few ideas of how you can use your web stats to tremendously grow your web hosting site.

Information on your most popular pages should lead you to quickly creating more pages based on the popular topics and content contained in those pages that your prospects love most. The next thing to do is to link to your new pages from your older popular pages. This single step will translate to your visitors spending more time on your site. Research has proved beyond any doubt that the longer your prospects spend on your site, the more profitable they will end up being to you.

The keyword phrases used to find your site are also a gold mine. The keywords used where you are thin on information can help you fill in the gaps so that future prospects finding their way to your site using the same keywords will find plenty of useful information.

With just a little creativity your web stats can help you turn your web hosting site into a high traffic goldmine for your hosting business.

What is Visa

2008-04-28T19:43:00.000-07:00

Visa Inc. operates the world's largest retail electronic payments network and is one of the most recognized global financial services brands. Visa facilitates global commerce through the transfer of value and information among financial institutions, merchants, consumers, businesses and government entities.

We offer a range of branded payment product platforms, which our financial institution clients use to deliver credit, debit, prepaid and commercial programs to their customers. Visa's global network, VisaNet, delivers value-added processing services, including fraud and risk management, dispute resolution, rewards and other business-enhancing applications. Together, these elements provide secure, convenient and reliable payment options in 170 countries and territories.

Our family of global payment brands, including Visa, Visa Electron, PLUS and Interlink, enjoy unsurpassed acceptance worldwide.

Debit Card
Visa debit products give consumers the choice to pay for goods and services at millions of merchant locations worldwide, by accessing their checking or bank deposit accounts directly with convenience, security and reliability. Consumers can use their Visa debit cards as a safe, convenient way to pay for everyday purchases instead of using checks or cash - whether shopping at the grocery store, dining at a restaurant, paying for gasoline at the pump, or shopping online. Purchases are recorded automatically, helping cardholders better track and manage their expenses.

Credit Card
Having a Visa credit card opens up a world of possibilities – whether consumers are new to credit and want to build a credit history, or an established Visa credit cardholder, cardholders enjoy exceptional convenience and reliability from the world's most recognized financial services brand.

Click Website Visa

احراق مسجد للطائفة الاحمدية (القاديانية) في اندونيسي

2008-04-28T19:41:00.000-07:00

اقدم مئات المتظاهرين الغاضبين على احراق مسجد تابع للطائفة الاحمدية (القاديانية) في بلدة سوكابوني في اقليم جاوة الغربية في اندونيسيا بدعوى ان الطائفة خارجة عن الاسلام.

وقالت الشرطة الاندونيسية ان احد رجال الشرطة اصيب في الهجوم على المسجد بعدما القى المتظاهرون الحجارة على المسجد قبل اشعال النار فيه.

وقد القي القبض على عدد كبير من المتورطين في الهجوم للتحقيق معهم حسب بيان للشرطة.

وينظر العديد من المسلمين الى مذهب الاحمدية باعتبارها خروجا عن الاسلام بسبب عدم اعترافها بان نبي الاسلام محمد ليس خاتم الانبياء.

وتم تأسيس هذا المذهب على يد احمد القادياني في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر في اقليم البنجاب في الهند منها انتشرت الى العديد من البلدان

كما قام المتظاهرون بإحراق المدرسة الملحقة بالمسجد، بينما فر جميع اتباع القاديانية من المنطقة ولجأوا الى اقربائهم ومعارفهم خوفا على حياتهم.

وصرح احد اتباع المذهب ان المتظاهرين كانوا ينادون باحراق المسجد وقتل اتباع المذهب قبل اضرام النار فيه.

وكان المسجد والمدرسة يضم حوالى 200 شخص من اتباع المذهب وفروا قبل وصول المحتجين.

وكان هؤلاء الاتباع البالغ عدد 200 الف في اندونيسيا عرضة للاضطهاد دون حوادث عنف تذكر الى ان صدرت فتوى من قبل هيئة تضم رجال دين مسلمين ومسؤولين قضائيين في قالت فيه ان هذا المذهب يمثل خروجا عن الدين الاسلامي مما اشعل فتيل حوادث العنف الاخيرة.

وصرح احد مسؤولي المذهب ان اربعة من مساجدهم قد تم احراقها منذ صدور الفتوى في السادس عشر من ابريل/نيسان الجاري.

What Is Forex?

2008-04-28T19:34:00.001-07:00

FOREX (FOReign EXchange market) is an international foreign exchange market, where money is sold and bought freely. In its present condition FOREX was launched in the 1970s, when free exchange rates were introduced, and only the participants of the market determine the price of one currency against the other proceeding from supply and demand.

As far as the freedom from any external control and free competition are concerned, FOREX is a perfect market. It is also the biggest liquid financial market. According to various assessments, money masses in the market constitute from 1 to 1.5 trillion US dollars a day. (It is impossible to determine an absolutely exact number because trading is not centralized on an exchange.) Transactions are conducted all over the world via telecommunications 24 hours a day from 00:00 GMT on Monday to 10:00 pm GMT on Friday. Practically in every time zone (that is, in Frankfurt-on-Main, London, New York, Tokyo, Hong Kong, etc.) there are dealers who will quote currencies.

FOREX is a more objective market, because if some of its participants would like to change prices, for some manipulative purpose, they would have to operate with tens of billions dollars. That is why any influence by a single participants in the market is practically out of the question. The superior liquidity allows the traders to open and/or close positions within a few seconds. The time of keeping a position is arbitrary and has no limits: from several seconds to many years. It depends only on your trading strategies. Although the daily fluctuations of currencies are rather insignificant, you may use the credit lines, that are accessible even to currency speculators with small capitals ($ 1,000 - 5,000), where the profit may be impressive. (You can learn more about it in the section: The main principles of trading.)

The idea of marginal trading stems from the fact that in FOREX speculative interests can be satisfied without a real money supply. This decreases overhead expenses for transferring money and gives an opportunity to open positions with a small account in US dollars, buying and selling a lot of other currencies. That is, on can conduct transactions very quickly, getting a big profit, when the exchange rates go up or down. Many speculative transactions in the international financial markets are made on the principles of marginal trading.

Margin trading is trading with a borrowed capital. Marginal trading in an exchange market uses lots. 1 lot equals approximately $100,000, but to open it it is necessary to have only from 0.5% to 4% of the sum.

For example, you have analyzed the situation in the market and come to the conclusion that the pound will go up against the dollar. You open 1 lot for buying the pound (GBP) with the margin 1% (1:1000 leverage) at the price of 1.49889 and wait for the exchange rate to go up. Some time later your expectations become true. You close the position at 1.5050 and earn 61 pips (about $ 405). For the calculation of 1 pip click here.

Everyday fluctuations of currencies constitute about 100 to 150 pips, giving FX traders an opportunity to make money on these changes.

In FOREX, it's not obligatory to buy some currency first in order to sell it later. It's possible to open positions for buying and selling any currency without actually having it. Usually Internet-brokers establish the minimum deposit such as $ 2000, for working in the FOREX market, and grant a leverage of 1:100. That is, opening the position at $100,000, a trader invests $1,000 and receives $99.000 as a credit. The major currencies traded in FOREX, are Euro (EUR), Japanese yen (JPY), British Pound (GBP), and Swiss Franc (CHF). All of them are traded against the US dollar (USD).

In order to assess the situation in the market a trader has to be able to use fundamental and/or technical analysis, as well as to make decisions in the constantly changing current of information about political and economic character. Most small and medium players in financial markets use technical analysis. Technical analysis presupposes that all the information about the market and its further fluctuations is contained in the price chain. Any factor, that has some influence on the price, be it economic, political or psychological, has already been considered by the market and included in the price. The initial data for a technical analysis are prices: the highest and the lowest prices, the price of opening and closing within a certain period of time, and the volume of transactions.
A technical analysis is founded on three suppositions:

* Movement of the market considers everything;
* Movement of prices is purposeful;
* History repeats itself.

That is, technical analysis is a statistical and mathematical analysis of previous quotes and a prognosis of coming prices.

A number of technical indicators have been installed into the PRO-CHARTS trading system. Analyzing the indicators one can come to the conclusion about further movements of the quoted currencies. For a more detailed description of the indicators, analyzing price charts and volumes of trading, click here.

Fundamental analysis is an analysis of current situations in the country of the currency, such as its economy, political events, and rumors. The country's economy depends on the rate of inflation and unemployment, on the interest rate of its Central Bank, and on tax policy. Political stability also influences the exchange rate. Policy of the Central Bank has a special role, as concentrated interventions or refusal from them greatly influence the exchange rate.

At the same time one should not consider fundamental analysis just as an analysis of the economic situation in the country itself. A far bigger role in the FOREX market belongs to the expectations of the market participants and their assessment of these expectations. Various prognoses and bulletins, issued by the participants, have a strong influence on the expectations. Very often an effect of the so-called self-filfilling prophecy occurs when market players raise or lower the exchange rates according to the prognosis. But a deep and thorough fundamental analysis is available only for big banks with a staff of professional analysts and constant access to a wide field of information.

In spite of these different approaches, both forms of analyses complement one another. Traders who act on the basis of a fundamental analysis, have to consider some technical characteristics of the market (the main rates of support, such as resistance and resale), and supporters of the technical approach to the market must track the main news (interest rates, important political events).

The main merits of the FOREX market are:

* The biggest number of participants and the largest volumes of transactions;
* Superior liquidity and speed of the market: transactions are conducted within a few seconds according to online quotes;
* The market works 24 hours a day, every working days;
* A trader can open a position for any period of time he wants;
* No fees, except for the difference between buying and selling prices;
* An opportunity to get a bigger profit that the invested sum;
* Qualified work in the FOREX market can become your main professional activity;
* You can make deals any time you like.

By Pro Forex

What Is Forex

2008-04-28T19:34:00.000-07:00

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2008-04-27T08:30:00.000-07:00

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Welcome to Bergen

2008-04-26T09:20:00.000-07:00

Bergen is known for the Hanseatic wharf, the fish market and the surrounding fjords and mountains. Especially the Hardangerfjord is easily accessible.

The City of Bergen and the Fjords of Norway offer you the ideal combination of nature, culture and pulsating city life.

Situated where sea and mountains meet, Bergen is a city with a big heart and endless enthusiasm and visitors are greeted with open arms. Welcome to Bergen, the old city with the young heart.

A European Cultural City
Bergen is more than 900 years old, a World Heritage City and was the European City of Culture in year 2000.

Enjoy fresh seafood at the Fish Market or stroll along the quayside and soak up the atmosphere of Bryggen, the old Hanseatic merchants’ quarter. Take the funicular to the top of Mount Fløyen or the cable car up to Ulriken, where the view of the city framed by the sea, fjords and mountains, is one of the most spectacular in Norway.

Bergen hosts a number of international music and cultural events throughout the year. The city is home to one of the world’s oldest symphony orchestras, and boasts a number of theatres and dance companies. Visit Edvard Grieg’s home, Troldhaugen, to hear his music where it was composed. Museums, art collections, churches and fascinating architecture all add to Bergen's unique atmosphere.

Bergen's title of City of Culture for 2000 is evident throughout the city. Renowned for its vibrant and contemporary design and music scene, Bergen has helped cultivate acts such as Ralph Myerz & the Jack Herrend Band, Kings of Convenience, Røyksopp and Sondre Lerche, to name but a few.

Why War?

2008-04-26T09:17:00.000-07:00

War is any large scale, violent conflict. War grows from the almost universal tribal warfare that has occurred throughout history, to wars between city states, nations, or empires. By extension, the word is now used for any struggle, as in the war on drugs or the war on terror. It was once thought man was the only creature who fought wars, but closer observation of animal life has discovered wars between ant colonies and chimpanzee tribes. A group of combatants and their support is called an army on land, a navy at sea, and air force in the air. Wars may be prosecuted simultaneously in one or more different theatres. Within each theater, there may be one or more consecutive military campaigns. A military campaign includes not only fighting but also intelligence, troop movements, supplies, propaganda, and other components. Continuous conflict is traditionally called a battle, although this terminology is not always applied to conflicts involving aircraft, missiles or bombs alone, in the absence of ground troops or naval forces. A civil war is the use of force to resolve internal differences.

In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, calculates that approximately 90-95% of known societies engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly. A war may begin following an official declaration of war but undeclared wars are common. Any general theory of war must explain not only war but also peace. It must explain not only the wars fought in almost every generation in almost every country in the world, but also the rare instances of extended relative peace, including the Pax Romana and the peace in Europe since World War II.

Motivations for war may be different for those ordering the war than for those undertaking the war. For a state to prosecute a war it must have the support of its leadership, its military forces, and the population. For example, in the Third Punic War,[5] Rome's leaders may have wished to make war with Carthage for the purpose of eliminating a resurgent rival, while the individual soldiers may have been motivated by a wish to end the practice of child sacrifice. Since many people are involved, a war may acquire a life of its own -- from the confluences of many different motivations.

In Why Nations Go to War, by Darian Domer, the author points out that both sides will claim that morality justifies their fight. He also states that the rationale for beginning a war depends on an overly optimistic assessment of the outcome of hostilities (casualties and costs), and on mis-perceptions of the enemy's intentions

Education

2008-04-26T09:16:00.000-07:00

Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). Education means 'to draw out', facilitating realization of self-potential and latent talents of an individual. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology —often more profound than they realize—though family teaching may function very informally. Education systems are established to provide education and training, in most cases for children and the young. A curriculum defines what students should know, understand and be able to do as the result of education. A teaching profession delivers teaching which enables learning, and a system of polices, regulations, examinations, structures and funding enables teachers to teach to the best of their abilities. Sometimes education systems can be used to promote doctrines or ideals as well as knowledge, which is known as social engineering. This can lead to political abuse of the system, particularly in totalitarian states and government. Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or seven years of schooling starting at the age of 5 or 6, although this varies between and sometimes within countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[1]. Under the Education for All program driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Mostly schools which provide primary education are referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools. In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence.

It is characterised by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults.[citation needed] Depending on the system, schools for this period or a part of it may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these varies between the systems.

The exact boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States and Canada primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1-13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.

Product review: Adobe breathes fresh AIR into RIA

2008-04-24T01:27:00.000-07:00

AIR (Adobe Integrated Runtime) packages a host of Web technologies and enables RIAs (rich Internet applications) to run outside of the browser on the user's local desktop. Those underlying technologies can be Adobe's own Flex, Flash, and ActionScript, for example, or just plain old HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and AJAX libraries. The results can be spectacular. AIR applications can take on either a custom or native appearance. In particular, data-driven dashboards really sing when freed from browser constraints, as Nasdaq’s Market Replay application demonstrates.

[ See why Tom Yager is a big fan of AIR. And how InfoWorld used AIR technology in its Windows Sentinel service. See our special report on rich Web development tools including reviews of Microsoft Silverlight, Curl, WaveMaker Visual AJAX Studio, JackBe Presto, Nexaweb Enterprise, Backbase, Bindows, Tibco General Interface, and more open source AJAX toolkits than you can shake a div at. ]

The resulting application gains access to OS features such as dragging and dropping to and from the local file system, clipboard access for cutting and pasting between AIR and other applications, network connectivity, encrypted local storage, and perhaps most noteworthy, offline functionality. Thanks to AIR's persistent, local SQLite data store, AIR apps continue to function without a network connection.

Further, AIR doesn't require Web developers to learn anything new. They can easily create AIR apps using the tools and techniques they already know. And because AIR is cross-OS compatible, the same application code can be deployed to Windows, Mac, and eventually Linux systems. An alpha version of AIR for Linux is available at Adobe Labs.

Pieces of AIR
Adobe AIR comprises several components. The SDK is a command line toolkit for packaging and deploying Web applications as AIR apps. It includes a schema template for generating the AIR manifests (which define various properties of each application including name, security certificate, and files included within the package), APIs for the framework, a service monitor, and a command line debugger that lets you do some testing without first needing to package up your app. The entire lot is available for free, and several components are open sourced under the Mozilla Public License.

AIR incorporates dual engines – the Flash/ActionScript JIT and WebKit – to support applications built in either Flex/Flash/MXML or HTML/JavaScript. AJAX developers can run AIR without ever needing to learn ActionScript.

The underlying application components are packed into an AIR installer file, which is little more than a zip file containing program assets, the XML manifest, and a digital certificate to verify authenticity.

The command line tools are easy enough to work with, and you can use any text editor to create an AIR app. Adobe provides plug-ins for creating AIR applications in Flash CS3 and Dreamweaver CS3, as well as third-party tools such as Aptana Studio. However, I recommend you try Adobe's new commercial development tool, the Flex Builder 3.0 IDE. Based on Eclipse, Flex Builder provides easy graphical tools for laying out GUIs, binding to servers and data sources, and generating the underlying MXML code.

AIR apps can take advantage of protocols including FTP, AMF (ActionScript Messaging Format), JSON, SOAP, and RTMP (Real Time Messaging Protocol for streaming media), and they can communicate with Adobe LiveCycle and BlazeDS servers using server-side RPC and messaging calls.

James R. Borck is senior contributing editor of the InfoWorld Test Center.

Paypal

2008-04-23T23:42:00.000-07:00

PayPal is an e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made through the Internet. It serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders. PayPal performs payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other corporate users, for which it charges a fee. It sometimes also charges a transaction fee for receiving money (a percentage of the amount sent plus an additional fixed amount). The fees charged depend on the currency used, the payment option used, the country of the sender, the country of the recipient, the amount sent and the recipient's account type^[1]. On October 3, 2002, PayPal became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay.^[2] Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose, California, United States at eBay's North First Street satellite office campus. The company also has significant operations in Omaha, Nebraska, Scottsdale, Arizona and Austin, Texas in the U.S.; India, Dublin, Ireland; and Berlin, Germany.^[3]

Microsoft unveils its web vision

2008-04-23T23:15:00.000-07:00

Microsoft has lifted the lid on a new web service called Live Mesh, designed to connect a multiplicity of devices and applications online.

The service is seen by many as a key plank in the company's vision for the future of the web.

Live Mesh is designed to blur the lines between running software and storing data on a desktop and "in the cloud".

Microsoft's Amit Mital said Live Mesh would "connect and bring devices together... to work in concert".

Live Mesh pits Microsoft against companies like Amazon, Google and Salesforce.com which are already offering different varieties of so-called software-as-a-service systems.

It comes as Microsoft is engaged in a bid to buy rival Yahoo and emphasises just how important the web has become to the firm.

From dot.life blog

Microsoft has been torn between a business model which ties people to specific platforms, and a realisation that the web is turning everything on its head

Darren Waters, Technology editor, BBC News website

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What Is Forex?

What Is Forex

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Frequency Asked Questions!

Welcome to Bergen

Bergen is known for the Hanseatic wharf, the fish market and the surrounding fjords and mountains. Especially the Hardangerfjord is easily accessible.

Why War?

Education

Product review: Adobe breathes fresh AIR into RIA

Paypal

Microsoft unveils its web vision